中国国际广播电台旗下子媒体“英语环球”(China Plus)日前推出“2020:中国、美国和我”线上问卷调查。此次问卷旨在促进中美两国年轻人的相互沟通和理解,为两国公共外交营造良好氛围并提供数据支持。这是英语环球连续第二年推出的针对中美大学生的问卷调查,结果将用于英语环球于10月11日在纽约主办的“2016中美大学生对话”线下活动。
此次问卷涵盖了未来期望、高层交流、彼此印象、务实合作、文化感知、生活体验等六大领域的话题,有500名中国大学生和350名美国大学生就中美两国未来几年的交往、竞争与合作提供了年轻人的观点和视角,参与人数比2015年增长70%。与2015年的调查结果相比,今年的问卷调查结果呈现出如下特点:
一、 连接现在与未来,将个人视角与两国关系紧密结合
面对当前中国与美国、俄罗斯、日本、欧洲等国家和地区的双边关系,66%的受访中国大学生认为中美关系最重要;而39%的受访美国大学生认为美欧关系最重要,36%的受访美国大学生认为美中关系最重要。关于今年美国总统竞选活动、尤其是希拉里克林顿与唐纳德•特朗普的电视辩论,受访的中国大学生最关注美国总统候选人的对华政策阐述,关注程度远高于对总统候选人关于美国本国政策的阐述。
虽然对当前双边关系重要性的排序不同,但大部分受访的中美大学生对2020年时的中美关系秉持积极正面的态度。在描述未来的双边关系时,受访者使用最多的词汇包括“至关重要”、“不断改善”、“更加紧密”“合作共赢”等等。
有趣的是,19%的受访中国大学生认为自己在2020年会往返于中美两国,相信自己到时会在美国工作生活的受访中国大学生的比例为7%。
二、 融合国家外交与公共外交,为高层交流出谋划策
国家外交与公共外交在未来几年会更加紧密地融合,今年的问卷也突出了这一点,受访的中美大学生开始为两国领导人未来的互访提出自己的建议。受访的中国大学生建议美国领导人可以通过学习一项文化技能来了解中国,他们最为推荐书法(49%),其次是茶道(22%),再次是太极(17%)。书法是最能体现中国传统文化的领域,既有文化传承,又可以学习汉字,可谓一举两得。而受访的美国大学生认为中国领导人要了解美国,建议首先了解美国社会(55 %),其次是美国政治(14%),再次是美国经济(13%)。
同时,今年受访的中国大学生期待美国领导人今后访华时多去具有历史文化特色的城市看看,比如扬州、绍兴等等;受访的美国大学生则重点推荐能反映普通美国人日常生活的.小城市。这说明在双方的交流中,认识彼此的历史文化、风土人情、日常生活最符合双方的需求和期待。
三、 在发现问题的同时,呼吁通过合作解决问题
去年的调查显示,46%的受访美国大学生认为中国社会发展面临的最严峻考验是环境污染。而在今年调查中,关于双方最应进行合作的领域,“环境保护”得票最多,有38%的受访美国大学生和29%的中国大学生投票给了这项。这说明双方在发展的过程中均重视对可持续发展,并希望在未来通过合作来共同解决环境问题。关于排在第二名和第三名的未来合作领域,受访的中国大学生认为是科技和文体教育,受访的美国大学生则认为是科技和社会治理。
四、 受访的美国大学生对中国的了解有所深入,但双方对彼此了解的不对称性依然存在
受访的美国大学生对中国的认识比去年有所提升。例如,在此次受访的美国大学生列出的“最敬仰的中国人”名单上,孔子、成龙、马云排名前三,这不同于2015年问卷中成龙遥遥领先的情况。这次马云首次出现在榜单上,证明中国企业家代表逐渐被美国所熟知。预计未来会有更多的中国企业家、科学家、运动员、作家等各行各业的领军人物被美国人所了解、敬仰。
但是,调查也反映出双方对彼此文化了解依然存在不对称性和不均衡性。由于传播渠道、手段、影响力差距等原因,在美国国内学习过中国文化的受访美国大学生仅占33.5%,有66.5%从未接触过中国文化;而中国大学生因为美国娱乐和科技产业的影响,对美国的文化了解更加深入。
同时,双方对对方国家和人民还有很多好奇和疑问。受访的中国大学生普遍对美国枪支管理、安全事务、种族歧视等问题存在诸多不解;受访的美国大学生提出的问题则包括 “中国人为什么那么努力工作”“中国人每个月收入多少”“中国的教育制度是怎么样的”“在美国吃到的中餐与中国本土的中餐有什么不同”等等。这些问题的存在表明,双方未来仍需进一步加强交流沟通,了解对方的基本信息和社会状态。
北京时间10月12日早7点,2016年中美大学生对话将在纽约举行,届时该问卷结果将得到进一步讨论和传播,英语环球也将通过YouTube、国际台英语脸书账号China Plus News和刚刚上线的China Plus新闻客户端、CIBN互联网电视、腾讯视频等平台面向国内外受众同步视频直播,敬请期待。
文化差异即是指因地区异同,各地区人们所特有的文化异同而产生的差异。霍夫斯坦特认为:文化是在一个环境中的人们共同的心理程序,不是一种个体特征,而是具有相同的教育和生活
关于中美文化的不同英语作文篇一
文化差异何其大 美国为何难以理解中国
Do the events that led to the outbreak of the first world war carry lessons for the Sino-American relationship? A century ago it was the ascent of Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm I thatunsettled the world; today a rising China is roiling east Asia. Then, as now, domestic politicson both sides played a role; one that is too easily neglected.
导致一战爆发的事件对中美关系有什么启发意义吗?一个世纪以前,德国在威廉一世(Kaiser Wilhelm I)领导下的崛起让世界感到不安;如今,中国的崛起让东亚感到不安。当时和现在一样,对立双方的国内政治都发挥了作用——这是一个太容易被人们忽视的因素。
Why did Britain and Germany – linked by trade, dynastic ties, culture and religion – findthemselves at war in August 1914? In part, as historian Paul Kennedy has argued, it wasbecause London’s liberal ideology contributed to its perception of a growing German threat.
1914年8月,存在贸易、王朝纽带、文化和宗教联系的英国和德国为何开战?从某种程度上来说,正如历史学家保罗肯尼迪(Paul Kennedy)所指出的,那是因为伦敦的自由主义意识形态强化了其关于德国威胁日益加剧的认识。
Filtered through liberalism’s lens, Germany looked militarist, autocratic, mercantilist and statist– and contempt for the country’s political culture added to London’s disquiet. When the warbegan, it quickly came to be seen as a liberal crusade against “Prussianism”.
透过自由主义“棱镜”,德国给人看到的是军国主义、独裁、重商主义和计划经济——而对该国政治文化的鄙视也增加了伦敦的不安。当战争爆发时,人们立刻将之视为一场讨伐“普鲁士主义”的自由主义战争。
In this respect, today’s Sino-American rivalry resembles the pre-1914 Anglo-Germanantagonism. The speed of China’s growth worries US policy makers, as do the geopoliticalimplications of its economic transformation.
从这个方面来说,当今的中美对抗类似于1914年以前的英德对抗。中国的发展速度让美国政策制定者感到担忧,其经济改革对地缘政治的影响同样让美国不安。
Across the American political spectrum, China’s success is attributed to its failure to play bythe rules of free trade – for instance, its habit of manipulating the value of its currency andengaging in industrial espionage. Market-oriented liberalism is the dominant ideology in theUS and, as in pre-1914 Britain, it shapes policy makers’ image of their supposed adversary.
在美国政界上下看来,中国的成功得益于其没有遵守自由贸易规则,例如惯于操纵汇率,以及从事工业间谍活动。以市场为导向的自由主义是美国的`主要意识形态,而正如1914年前的英国一样,它决定了政策制定者对他们所以为的对手的印象。
American leaders view China as a nation whose undemocratic political system raises doubtsabout both the scope of its foreign policy ambitions and its trustworthiness as a diplomaticpartner. Moreover, China’s combination of political authoritarianism and state-directedcapitalism causes unease because it challenges the supposed universality of the Americanmodel of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism.
在美国领导人的眼里,中国不民主的政治体制令人怀疑其外交政策雄心的范围,以及其作为外交合作伙伴的可信赖性。此外,中国政治威权主义与国家资本主义的结合令人不安,原因是它挑战了美国模式的自由主义民主和自由市场资本主义的所谓普适性。
Aaron Friedberg, a Princeton University professor, says that for Americans, “the success of amainland [Chinese] regime that blends authoritarian rule with market-driven economics is anaffront.” For members of the US foreign-policy elite, the Chinese threat is not so muchgeopolitical as ideological.
普林斯顿大学(Princeton University)的阿龙弗里德伯格(Aaron Friedberg)教授表示,在美国人看来,“中国大陆政权将威权统治和市场导向的经济学结合在一起所取得的成功是一种侮辱”。对美国上层外交政策制定者来说,中国威胁更多是意识形态层面的,而不是地缘政治上的。
Powerful external and domestic forces are putting the US and China on the road toconfrontation. China aspires to be the regional hegemon in east (and southeast) Asia. The US– the incumbent hegemon, having dominated the region since 1945 – is blocking its path.
各种强有力的内外因素正把美中推上对抗之路。中国渴望成为东亚(以及东南亚)地区的霸主,而自1945年以来主导该地区的现任霸主美国则拦在路上。
Yet America’s predominance in east Asia contributes little to the security of a nation whosegeography and unsurpassed military capabilities would anyway make it close to invulnerable.The US is the most secure great power in history – even more so if you factor in thedeterrent effect of nuclear weapons. The true cause of American insecurity is not animminent encroachment on its territory but the risk that US alliances – especially with Japan –will draw it into a regional conflict.
然而,在东亚地区的主导地位并不会让美国更安全——不管怎样,美国所处的地理位置和拥有的无可匹敌的军事能力让其处于一种近乎无懈可击的状态。美国是历史上最安全的大国——如果你考虑到核武器的威慑作用,就会更肯定这一点。美国真正的不安全因素不是其疆域会遭到入侵,而是同盟关系——尤其是美日同盟——将其拖入地区冲突的风险。
The US wants to maintain its east Asian dominance to keep the region’s markets open toAmerican goods and its people open to liberal ideas. China threatens this openness, on whichAmerica’s security is wrongly believed to depend.
美国希望保持在东亚地区的主导地位,以让该地区的市场继续向美国商品开放,其民众继续接受自由主义思想的熏陶。中国威胁到了这种开放,而美国的安全被错误地以为依赖于这种开放。
The liberal assumptions embedded in American foreign policy put the US at odds with China,and also heighten Beijing’s mistrust of Washington’s intentions and ambitions. The spiral ofanimosity that threatens to culminate in a confrontation between the two countries is inlarge part a creation of American policy.
美国外交政策中蕴含的自由主义思想导致美国与中国立场不一致,也加深了北京方面对华盛顿意图和抱负的不信任感。这种不断增长的、有可能在两国对抗中达到顶峰的敌意,在很大程度上是美国政策导致的。
As China’s rises, Washington has a last clear chance to avoid the looming Sino-Americanconflict.
在中国的崛起过程中,美国有最后的避让机会,可以避免不断迫近眼前的中美冲突真正爆发。
This would entail making real concessions on Taiwan and on China’s territorial claims in the Eastand South China Seas. It would also involve a commitment that Washington would notinterfere in China’s internal affairs.
这需要美国在台湾xx以及中国涉及东中国海和南中国海的领土主张上做出真正的妥协。此外美国也需承诺不干预中国内部事务。
America’s political culture – based on exceptionalism, liberal ideology, and openness – is a bigobstacle to coming to terms with a resurgent China. So is the fact that the foreign-policy eliteremains wedded to American primacy, and refuses to accept that this will inevitably slip awaybecause of the relative decline of US power.
美国建立在例外主义、自由主义思想和开放观念等基础之上的政治文化,是影响美国接受复兴的中国的一大障碍。另一个障碍是,美国外交政策圈子中的精英们依然痴迷于“美国主导地位”,并拒绝接受这种地位随着美国实力相对衰落必将丧失的观点。
History is also a problem.
历史也是一个问题
US policy makers are quick to invoke what they take to be the lessons of the 1930s whileoverlooking the causes of the first world war. David Calleo, a professor at Johns Hopkins, hasobserved that what we should learn from the earlier conflict “is not so much the need forvigilance against aggressors, but the ruinous consequences of refusing reasonableaccommodation to upstarts”.
美国政策制定者迅速摆出他们从上世纪30年代事件中归纳的教训,却无视一战的起因。约翰斯-霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University)的戴维卡莱奥(David Calleo)教授指出,我们应该从更早那场冲突中学到的主要教训,“不是必须警惕侵略者,而是拒绝合理包容新崛起者将带来破坏性后果”。
If the US wants to avoid a future conflict with China, it cannot allow liberal ideology toobstruct a reconciliation with an ever more powerful China. That is the real lesson of 1914.
如果美国想要避免未来与中国发生冲突,就不能让自由主义意识形态妨碍它与越来越强大的中国修好。这是1914年带给我们的真正教训。
关于中美文化的不同英语作文篇二
The difference between chinese and western culture
With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows.
First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the opposite, some English-speaking contries, most of the people like to seat in two rows, two people face to face. They have their own plate. On the aspect of table manners, there are many differences between chinese and English-speaking people. For example, in some Englishi-speaking countries, Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the
main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use the knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. They should not start eating before your host does or instructs to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. When finished, place the knife and fork together at five o’clock with the fork on the left. It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If need to take an urgent call, excuse self and go outside. Try to eat all the food you are served. But in China, the table manners are different. Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and tap fingers on the table to show appreciation. When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.
Secondly, the way of communication. Form birth to death, communication plays an integral part in our life. There are some language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory; instrumental, harmonnizing; and so on. These different styles can lead to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluation of insincerity, aggreeiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among other. The misinterpretation nonverbal signs and symbols such as gestures, postures, and other body movements. It is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable message,usually in informal rather ways. It is more difficult to understand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures. Language, as the carrier of culture, is created during the process of human beings’ productive labor and serves as the tool of communication to convey the message between people. However, it has been endowed with magic and power in particular language acts. As the old saying goes, troubles come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereas those who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get protection. Furthermore, linguistic taboos change with the development of society .The paper firstly analyzes the evolution of linguistic taboo. It is indicated in the paper that linguistic taboo exists in almost every aspect of people’s life and is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese and
English cultures are in agreement about linguistic taboos such as pronunciation taboo, and vocabulary taboo. However, influenced by different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English linguistic taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper from the aspects of taboo subjects, taboo numbers and names. At last, this paper puts forward two effective ways of avoiding taboo, that is, using euphemism and having a good knowledge of the taboo culture. And this discussion would help English learners improve their ability of cross-cultural communication and achieve better communicational effects. For example, During the feudal times, people were not equal to the rulers and were suppressed by their superiors. The distinction between the upper and the lower classes was also reflected in the evaluation of the language used by them respectively. The words of upper class used were considered good and elegant while those used by the lower class were regarded as vulgar and indecent and should be avoided in the speech of ladies and gentlemen. In modern society, as a result of the development of science and technology, many natural phenomena are no longer mysterious. Human beings not only constantly improve their abilities to exploit the world where they are living through their great wisdom and knowledge, but also make efforts to explore the extraterrestrial world. Science has much more say in today’s society. Thereby, the superstitious elements in linguistic taboos decrease while those reflecting spiritual civilization increase.
In short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English communication reflect people’s psychology for good will, for safety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of people’s pursuit of freedom and equality.
The most important, the different way of family structure, family values and family education. Family structure is the big difference between east and west, traditional chinese, amony many other Asians, repect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents` sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous burden in the English-speaking countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. In some English-speaking countries are still extrmely family-oriented. They are dedicated to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an edcuation. In turn, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who go away and leave the country for the economic reasons typically send large parts of their salary home to their parents and the rest of the family. Or in some Asia, any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not individual desires. Peope`s behavior is judged on whether it
brings shame or pride to the family. The children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. And many of them think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.
The way of family edcation is also the different. We all know the family education is the elementary education for children. Many serious problems have appeared in our education system in recent years. Almost everyone has realized the importance of solving these problems and many people have presented a lot of valuable suggestions. There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family education is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of education, methods of education and results of education between East family education and West family education. In some English-speaking countries, parents’ aims are to train their children to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently. Based on this concept, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences, because they think that children should form a self-supporting will and the capacity to live independently since their childhood. And the capacity comes from the training in the early age. The so-called training contains many aspects, such as work, temper will, patience, the spirit of hard work, etc. However, the most fundamental training is the ability of adapting to hard conditions. Through the process of work, children will form the labor sense, learn some work skills and form a habit of labor. Besides, children can learn how to overcome difficulties, temper their willpower, develop their talents and skills, rich their knowledge, and form a habit of hard work and thrifty by working in hard conditions. It is just in the unconsciously process that children will obtain the independent survivability and take the responsibilities for the society. Compared with some English-speaking countries, Chinese parents have a very different concept of children’s education. Some parents in China only care about whether the children have a promising future, a good job, a good life or not. Based on these expectations, the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth. In short, they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help. Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to developing their children’s intellect, except for caring children’s daily life. In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. As for the children’s independence, civic awareness and their ability adapting to the
society in the future, they consider little or not at all. From these aspects we can find the obvious differences of family education between America and China.
When we faced with those difference between West and East, we should give some advice to solve these problems. According to the three big difference that pointed, we should find some way to deal with these problems.
We can study other languages and learn to expect in nonvwebal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situation details. We can use an investigative approach rather than stereotypes and preconceptions. We can gradually expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. We can even learn to lower our tension level when needed to advoid triggering defensive reactions. The overall goal should be to achieve intercultural communication competence.
So the ideal solution to reduce the problems are to share knowledge with others in communication. This is why it is easiest to communicate with other members of the same group. This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them. Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultual groups, and therefore, because we do not share knowledge, assumptions, values, and forms of discourse with them, we must expect there to be problems of interpretation. We must look for these problems, anticipate where they will arise out of our differences, and then plan our aommunications to be as effective as possible.
However, we have to remember that, most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of dfferent cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same tings in different manners, even though we can not understand ,we should show the respect. I believe this is the best way to make our life become more comfortable and make the world more harmonious.
关于中美文化的不同英语作文篇三
中美文化差异
国人见面打招呼时,喜欢问“你吃了吗?”“你去哪呀?”
而西方人对此都感到很怪异。
An American studying in China had an appointment at noon. As he was getting on his bicycle a Chinese friend passed by. "吃了吗?”The young Chinese asked. This, of course, is a common Chinese greeting around meal time and the American merely nodded with a smile, waved goodbye and went off. He realized that his friend’s remark was nothing more than a Chinese way of saying hello or Hi. If the greeting had been put literally into English "Have you eaten yet?" Or “Have you had your lunch? " It would have sounded rather unusual. To Americans, this greeting might mean this: "I haven't either. Come on, let’s go together and get something to eat." or "If you haven’t, I was just going to invite you to my place." In other words, it could indicate an invitation to a meal.
Actually , another foreign student who had not been long in China once complained in broken Chinese 你们为什么老问我吃了饭没有?我有钱。To his way of thinking, people were concerned that he was not getting his meals properly because of lack of money. Clearly, he was offended. There is a similar Chinese greeting, such as "上哪儿去啊?""到哪儿去啦?" Which if translated literally, would be "Where are yon going?" Or "Where have you been?" The natural reaction of most English-speaking people to this greeting would most likely be "It’s none of your business!"
Fortunately, not all greetings sound strange or arouse displeasure. Many are similar, some are merely different. While greetings in many languages often indicate the time of day, there may be inconsistencies within a language. English has Good morning, Good afternoon and Good evening but not Good noon. And Good night is not a greeting at all, but an expression of farewell.
greeting 打招呼
一天中午,一个在中国学习的美国留学生有个约会。他刚要骑上自行车,一位中国朋友从旁边走过,问他:“吃了吗?”这是中国人在吃饭前后打招呼的常用语。美国留学生笑着点点头,挥挥手表示告别,就走了。
他知道,中国朋友的话等于英语中的Hello或Hi,但如果照字面译成Have you eaten yet?或Have you had your lunch?外国人听起来就很怪。美国人会以为,这种打招呼似乎是说:“我也没有吃。走吧,我们一起去吃点东西吧。”或者说:“如果没有吃的话,我正要请你到我家去呢。”;总之,这样打招呼有时意味着邀请对方去吃饭 。
发生过这样的事。有一次,一个刚到中国不久的外国留学生结结巴巴地用汉语说:“你们为什么老问我吃了饭没有?我有钱。”他以为人们总问他“吃饭了吗”是因为怕他没钱吃饭。他显然对这种问法感到生气。
再如,汉语中的“上哪儿去啊?”和“到哪儿去啦?”这样打招呼的话直译成英语就是Where are you going?和Where have you been?用这两句英语来打招呼,大部分讲英语的人听了会不高兴,他们的反应很可能是:It' s none of your business! 你管得着吗!
幸而,打招呼的话并不都令人感到奇怪或者引起对方反感。有许多打招呼的话是相似的,有些只是说法不同。在许多语言里,打招呼的话往往是相似的,有些只是说法不同。
在许多语言里,打招呼的话往往与时间有关,但即使在一种语言中也有不一致的地方。英语中有Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening 都相当于汉语中的“您好”,只是说的时间不同而已,但不说Good noon。而 Good night (晚安;明天见;再会)根本不是打招呼的话,这只是告别时说的话。
世界报告(5)
难道,文化人为了“学术研究”和“社会调查”,就应该起这样的作用?
扩大了看,我觉得“文明冲突论”和其他许多类似的理论,也或多或少进入了这样的模式,必须引起警觉。
文化和文明,不管在任何情况下都应该从它们的“研究需要”回到人文道德的伦理本体,不要因手段而使目的异化。二十一世纪,随着传媒技术和互联网系统的突飞猛进,那种以“文化”的名义造成恶果的可能性,比过去任何时代都大大增加。
二○○五年四月十五日,我应邀在哈佛大学演讲。演讲结束后,又两度与该校二十几位教授长时间座谈,话题频频涉及“文明冲突论”。春夜别墅林苑的温煦话语,令人难忘。听教授们说,那些天亨廷顿先生不在波士顿,否则他们就把他也请来了。我倒是很想与他当面切磋一番。
二○○八年夏天,在中美两国很多学术界朋友的策划下,准备在美国举办一个论坛,邀请亨廷顿先生与我对谈,时间定在二○○九年春天。一切都已经安排就绪,但遗憾的是,亨廷顿先生却在二○○八年十二月廿八日去世了。一代学人,语势滔滔,竟戛然中断,溘然离去,实在令人不舍。
从他最后两年发表的文章看,他已经知道国际间有人批评“文明冲突论”诱发了冲突,他为此感到委屈,进行了自辩。
我愿意相信,这位学者并不存在点燃和扩大冲突的动机。但遗憾的是,一切理论的初始动机和实际效果并不一致,而更应该重视的却是后者。
亨廷顿先生表现出来的问题,是很多西方学者的习惯性思维。因此,即便在逝世之后,我们也不妨再探讨几句。
一种出于西方本位论的自以为是,使“文明冲突论”在论述其他文明时只停留在外部扫描,而没有体察它们的各自立场,以及它们实际遇到的痛痒。
例如,亨廷顿先生把儒家文化看成是二十一世纪“核心中的核心”的三大文化之一,说了不少话,并把亚洲“四小龙”的经济发展往事也与之相连。但是,他对儒家文化的了解实在是太少、太浅、太表面了,说来说去,基本上是“行外话”。因此,立论于一九九四年的他,并没有预见到中国经济的快速崛起。而在同样的时间,曾任美国威斯康辛大学经济研究所所长的高希均教授,由于他自身的文化背景,却准确地作了这种预见。
根据亨廷顿先生和很多西方学者的立场,其他文明即使获得了不小的经济发展,在“精神价值”和“制度文化”上也应该归附于西方文明。如果不归附,他们就无法进行阐述,因此在他们的内心认知上就是“麻烦”,冲突在所难免。
由此可见,“文明冲突论”表面上气魄雄伟,实际上仍是西方本位论面对新世界的一种新表述。因此,事情不能推到亨廷顿先生一个人身上。
可以肯定,文明与文明之间的课题,将会在二十一世纪被反复讨论。本来,我是准备在与亨廷顿先生对谈时向他提供一些有关中国文化的素材的。例如,就“文化”中处于重要地位的“制度文化”而论,西方建立于近三百年间,而中华文明却已实际延续了四千多年而未曾中断;这四千多年,中华文明成就可观,且基本上没有与其他文明发生过严重冲突。
这个素材与冲突有关,应该会引起他的重视。
好了,我今天的发言就是这一些。
历史将证明,今天发布的这个报告,和联合国长期以来在文化上所做的种种努力一样,是人类理性和智慧的当代展现。它虽然显得低调,却非常重要。我们这代人的使命之一,就是让这种重要,真正成为重要。
谢谢总干事。谢谢诸位。
身上的文化(1)
二十年前,在上海一辆拥挤的公共汽车上,一个工作人员开始查票。查票很安静,工作人员只对乘客点一下头,乘客看一眼他的胸牌,便从口袋里取出票来。工作人员立即用红铅笔在票上划一下,便把脸转向另一位乘客。整个过程,几乎没有一点声响。
终于,有一位中年乘客拿不出票来。工作人员说:“逃票要罚款。”
“逃票?”中年乘客激动起来。因为一个“逃”字,完全排除了遗忘的可能,听起来很刺耳。他看了一眼周围人的脸,发现大家都有点幸灾乐祸。乘公共汽车太枯燥,人人都期待着发生一点与自己无关的事,解解闷。
中年乘客这一看就更恼怒了。他拿不出票,却要快速找到不是“逃票”的理由,而且不仅仅要说服工作人员,还要说服周围所有的人。他憋红了脸,慌忙从上衣口袋里取出一张名片塞给工作人员,说:“你看我管着多少人,还要逃票?”
他在摸名片的时候无意中碰到了放在同一口袋里的一个银行存折。千不该万不该,他居然把这个存折也塞到工作人员手里,说:“你看看这个,我还用得着逃你的票吗?”
当年的工作人员很有修养,既没有看名片,也没有看存折,而是礼貌地把这两件东西塞回到他手里,说:“这与职位、金钱没有关系。上车买票,是一种城市文化。”
“文化?”中年乘客受不了当众被教育的情景,何况又扯上了文化。他不知怎么回应,便说:“你还给我说文化?我儿子已经是硕士……”
这一下,整个车厢都笑了。大家也不清楚这儿怎么冒出来了文化,只是在笑这位乘客说不过人家的时候,拉出儿子来做救兵。
二十年过去,社会变化天翻地覆。有趣的是,那次公共汽车上出现的最后一个概念——文化,已成为人们区分荣辱的第一防线。
一位企业家的最大荣耀,不是财报上公布的当年业绩,而是无意中听到职工的背后议论:“我们的董事长比较有文化。”
据调查,目前多数城市富裕家庭之间最大的攀比,是孩子的文化程度。
据调查,目前多数退休官员晚年生活质量的差异指标,除了健康,就是文化,即有没有戏剧、音乐、文学、书法方面的兴趣相伴随。
这儿所说的文化,都是个体文化,也就是每个人身上的文化。
过去,每个人身上的文化只有文化界里边才会关注,现在,中国社会的方方面面都关注了。这样的情况,可能是宋代以来第一遭吧?因为明清两代的朝廷不断实行文化恐怖主义,文为祸源,避之唯恐不及;近代和现代,则以军事和政治的交杂为主调,有限的那一点文化一直在蓬头垢面地颠沛流离。其他逃难者看到几副厚厚的眼镜也许会投来几分怜悯,却怎么也构不成向往。
但是,现在,当大家都在向往文化的时候,怎么来处置落到自己身上的文化,也就变成了一个问题。
而且,这个问题变得越来越迫切,越来越重要。
近年来,先是学生们问我这个问题,后来,不同领域的一些重要人物也都来问了。其实我自己也在为这个问题苦恼、思考、观察、比较。终于能作一些回答了,供大家参考。
我认为,一个人身上要拥有真正的文化,必须先“祛病”,再“进补”,这就体现为两个“不再”,两个“必要”——
第一,不再扮演;
第二,不再
身上的文化(2)
第四,必要风范。
下分述之。
不再扮演
真正有了文化,就不会再“扮演文化”。这个道理,一听就明白。
这真像,真正的功夫高手不会一边走路一边表演拳脚。因此,我们或许可以凭着是否扮演,来猜测真假和深浅。
我想起了两件小事。
很多年前,我还在任职的时候,曾经组织过上海人文学科著名教授的一次聚会,《英汉大辞典》主编、复旦大学外文系的陆谷孙教授也应邀前来。很多教授看到他来了就纷纷围上去,其中好几个对他说话时都夹着英语。但他,从头至尾没说一个英语词。因为在他看来,那次聚会,从内容到人员,都没有讲英语的理由。而他,更没有理由要表演英语。
还有一次,东北某地聘请我和当时还健在的汪曾祺先生担任文化顾问。聘请仪式上的发言者也许考虑到我们两人都写散文,便美词滔滔。汪曾祺先生显然有点受不住了,便边听边轻声地把那些话“翻译”成平常口语,像一个语文老师在当场改错。他的年龄,使他有资格这么做。发言者说:“今天丽日高照,惠风和畅”,汪先生立即说:“请改成今天天气不错”;发言者说:“在场莘莘学子,一代俊彦”,汪先生立即说:“请改成在场学生们也挺好”;……
这就构成了一种幽默效果,现场气氛一下子活跃起来。发言人不仅没有生气,而且以自嘲的口气感谢汪先生,说:“您老人家已经在做文化顾问了。”
一听就知道,汪曾祺先生和那位发言者,谁更有文化。那位可爱的发言者唯一的毛病,是在“扮演散文”。
因此,我一再告诫学生,拥有文化的第一证明,是不再扮演文化。
按照这个标准,我们可以省察四周了。
一个真正拥有文化的人,不会扮演“当代名士”。他不会写着半通不通的民国文言,踱着不疾不徐的遗老方步,数着百年文坛的散落残屑,翻着笔迹草率的谁家信笺,又矜持地抖一下宽袖。
他也不会扮演“历史脊梁”。不会用嫉妒来冒充正义,用诽谤来展示勇敢,用疯话来显露风骨,顺便再从电视剧中学一点忧郁的眼神,慈祥的笑容。
他也不会扮演“文坛要人”。总是迟到,总是早退,总在抱怨,“部长又打来电话,近期有五个论坛……”,边叹气边摇头,像是实在受尽了折磨。
我曾从一个文艺刊物上抄录过这样一段论文:“Writingisasystemofsigns,一点不错,巴尔特消解了索绪尔的符号理论,认为作品是单数,文本是复数,但那文本也是一种元语言(metelanguage),福柯则认为不必复现创造主体的荣耀,宁肯归于薄暮时分的荒凉……”
很多朋友认为,这种论文太艰深,没有考虑到广大读者。我则要以内行的身份判定,作者完全不懂自己所写的任何一个概念,只是在“扮演艰深”,恰恰是想吸引广大读者。
种种扮演,本该很累却居然不累,原因是同道很多,互相观摩。由于势头不小,触目皆是,这倒也树立了一个“反向路标”:避开它们,才有可能找到真文化。
当然,文化中也有正常的扮演,那就是在舞台上。擅长于舞台艺术的人最容易识破生活中的扮演,一看便笑,轻轻拍着对方的肩,说一句:“咳,别演了,剧本太老,又在台下。”
从事文化,从诚实开始。
不再黏着
文化的一大优势,就是宏观。从宏观来看,世界一切都只是局部,都只是暂时。因此,文化的宏观也就成了达观。
过去乡村里的农民,只知埋头种地,目光不出二三个村庄。突然有一个游子回来,略知天下,略懂古今,又会讲话,从此村里有事,有了他,大伙就能往大里想。一想,心胸就宽,龃龉就少。这个人,就是村里的“文化人”,或者说,是“身上有文化的人”。
从农村扩大到整个社会,道理一样。文化,让人知道更大的空间,更长的时间,因此不会再囿于鼻尖、作茧自缚。
我们经常会闹的一个误会,是把“专业”当作了“文化”。其实,“专业”以狭小立身,“文化”以广阔为业,“专业”以界线自守,“文化”以交融为本,两者有着不同的方向。当然,也有一些专业行为,突破了局限,靠近了文化。
遗憾的是,很多专业人士陷于一角一隅而拔身不出,还为此沾沾自喜。
我们经常会听到这种嘲笑别人的声音:“听不懂古琴,也不知道昆曲,真是没有文化!”
我不赞成这种嘲笑。文化的天地很大,如果把文化切割成小块还以为是全部,黏着自己倒也罢了,还要强制性地去黏别人,恰恰是丢失了文化的浩荡魂魄。
这种情况,在近年来的文物收藏热潮中表现得尤其明显。文物很容易被等同于文化,结果,“身外的文物”也就取代了“身上的文化”。其实,无论是中国还是外国,一切真正的文化巨匠都不热衷于文物收藏。即便偶有所得,也只是稍稍观赏,便轻易过手,多不沉溺。算起来,只有一位文化巨匠的家属是收藏家,那就是李清照的丈夫赵明诚。当然,李清照在丈夫死后为那些文物吃尽了苦头。我们平日经常听到的所谓“盛世收藏”,乃非真言,不可轻信,因为并无多少事实根据。当然,收藏能保存文化记忆,因此也有一些通达之士涉足其间,例如我的朋友曹兴诚先生、马未都先生、海岩先生都是,但与他们聊天,话题总是海阔天空。他们懂得,文物再好,也只是文化鹰隼偶尔留下的爪印,而鹰隼的生命在翅翼,在飞翔。
在诸多粘着中,黏着于专业、古琴和文物还算是最好的。最不好的黏着,是一些人以文化的名字自辟擂台,自黏目标,寻衅滋事,长黏不放。这已经成了最常见的文化风景,不少朋友都曾遭遇。
面对这种遭遇,文化人的最佳选择是不计成本地脱离黏着,哪怕是肌肤受伤,名誉蒙尘,也要脱离。
摆脱粘着,不管是正面的黏着还是负面的黏着,都是人生的一大解放。这一点我要感谢伟大的佛陀,他关于破除一切执著而涅槃的教言,帮助人们在文化的天域中获得了真正的大自在。
对此,请允许我讲几句私人的切身感受。
以我的经验,不黏着于官位是容易的,不粘着于他人的诽谤也不难。但是,当大家发现我还在进一步摆脱黏着,亲手把自己创建的文化专业搁置,把已经取得的文化成就放弃,就不能不惊诧了。
我记得,当时连一些非常抬举我的文化长辈也深感奇怪。本来,由于国内一批著名文史权威的强力推荐,我连副教授都没有做过一天,破格升任全国最年轻的文科正教授。但他们很快发现,我转眼就不再黏着于他们对我的高度评价,独自一人开始了废墟考察,而且范围漫无边际,完全不可归类。连山西商人、清代流放、民间傩仪都成了我实地研究的对象,他们对我产生了陌生感。而我,则因摆脱了一种高雅的黏着而无比兴奋。
现在,海内外的读者都能证明,我在“脱黏”后的成果,远超以前。
黏着,使人有所依靠,但这种依靠也是一种限制。一旦摆脱,就会发现,我们有可能以“陌生化”、“间离化”的视角看得更深、更广、更远,甚至产生专业之外的洞见和预见。
那就不妨再举两个私人例子。
我并不具备财经专业背景,却早在十多年前考察欧洲的时候就判定西班牙、希腊、爱尔兰、葡萄牙四国会是“贫困国家”,每年必须接受欧盟的援助(见《行者无疆》初版第289页);其中,又判定希腊社会已经“走向了疲惫、慵懒和木然,很容易造成精神上的贫血和失重,结果被现代文明所遗落”。(见《千年一叹》初版第27页);而且,我还判定欧洲很多富裕国家“社会福利的实际费用是一个难以控制的无底洞,直接导致赤字增大和通货膨胀”(见《行者无疆》初版第326页)。
好几位财经专家问我,为什么能在十多年前就得出如此准确的预见?我说,原因就在于我不是财经专家,不会黏着于那么多数据、报表、曲线,只能从整体上粗粗地观察这些国家的支柱产业、社会生活和精神状态,反而对了。
记得就在准确地预测了欧洲经济之后,我还以非专业的外行目光,对自己身边的一家老式百货商店进行了预测。当时,在各种新兴“超市”的包围下,上海街市间的这种老式百货商店早已奄奄一息,即使“转制”也无人看好。而事实上,全上海同类商店这么多年下来的存活比例,确实也微乎其微。但我,却早早地发现了这家商店一位能干的年轻经理,觉得他就是前途,便进行了投资。现在证明我的这个预测又对了,有的财经评论员有点嫉妒。我说,很抱歉,你们这些财经评论员太黏着于专业了,看不到活生生的人,因此只能作“事后预测”。
有很多“策划专家”喜欢给每个地区、每个行业、每个单位、每个人“定位”,但这只是一时之需。文化的使命之一,恰恰是给“定位”太死的社会带来自由活力,让每个人的综合天性充分发挥。
说到这里,也许可以作一个小结了:只要摆脱黏着,摆脱定位,摆脱局限,让文化回到宏观的本性,我们就能天马行空。
必要贮存(1)
前面所说的不再扮演,不再黏着,是做减法。紧接着,我要做一点加法了。
一个真正拥有文化的人,为什么可以不扮演、不黏着?是因为“有恃无恐”。那么,他“恃”的是什么呢?
是胸中的贮存。
文化多元,贮存可以各不相同。但是,文化作为一种广泛交流、对话、沟通的纽带,不可以没有共同基元。这种共同基元,也就是文化人的“必要贮存”。
说“必要贮存”,当然是针对着“非必要贮存”。平心而论,多数人身上的文化贮存,实在是太杂、太乱、太多了。
要想做一个受人尊敬的文化人,那么,他的“必要贮存”也应该受到时间和空间的普遍尊敬。也就是说,这些“必要贮存”已被漫长的历史接受,也被庞大的人群接受。因此,量不会太多,大家都应知道。
对此,我想稍稍说得实在一点。
我觉得一个人身上的文化,最好从自己的母语文化出发。对此,中国人的理由更充分,因为中华文化是人类诸多古文化中独独没有中断和湮灭的唯一者。我们身上的“必要贮存”中如果不是以中华文化打底,连外人看来也会觉得十分奇怪。
中华文化历时长,典籍多,容易挑花眼。我很想随手写出一个简单目录出来作为例证,说明对于非研究人员而言,至少应该浏览和记诵一些必要的文本。例如——
《诗经》七、八篇,《关睢》、《桃夭》、《静女》、《氓》、《黍离》、《七月》等等;
《论语》,应该多读一点。如要精读,可选《学而》、《为政》、《里仁》、《雍也》、《述而》、《卫灵公》等篇中的关键段落,最好能背诵;
《老子》,即《道德经》,总共才五千多字,不妨借着现代译注通读一遍,然后划出重要句子,记住;
《孟子》,可选读《梁惠王上》、《尽心上》等篇;
《庄子》,读《逍遥游》、《齐物论》、《大宗师》、《至乐》等篇;
《离骚》,对照着今译,至少通读两遍;
《礼记》,读其中的《礼运》即可。“大道之行也,天下为公”那一段,要背诵;
《史记》,应读名篇甚多,如《项羽本纪》、《游侠列传》、《屈原贾生列传》、《刺客列传》、《李将军列传》、《魏公子列传》、《淮阴侯列传》、《货殖列传》等篇,包括《太史公自序》。在《史记》之外,那篇《报任安书》也要读。司马迁是中国首席历史学家,又是中国叙事文学第一巨匠,读他的书,兼得历史、文学、人格,不嫌其多;
曹操诗,读《短歌行》、《龟虽寿》、《观沧海》;
陶渊明诗文,诵读《归去来兮辞》、《归田园居》、《饮酒》、《读山海经》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》;
唐诗,乃是中国人之为中国人的第一文化标志,因此一般人至少应该熟读五十首,背诵二十首。按重要排序为:第一等级李白、杜甫,第二等级王维、白居易,第三等级李商隐、杜牧,第四等级王之涣、刘禹锡、王昌龄、孟浩然。这四个等级的唐诗,具体篇目难以细列,可在各种选本中自行寻找,也是一种乐趣;
李煜,一个失败的政治人物,却是文学大家。可读《浪淘沙》、《虞美人》;
宋词,是继唐诗之后中国人的另一文化标志,也应多读能诵。按重要排序为:苏东坡、辛弃疾、李清照。三人最重要的那几首词,应琅琅上口。陆游的诗,为宋诗第一,不输唐诗,也应选读;
必要贮存(2)
明清小说,真正的顶峰杰作只有一部,是《红楼梦》,必读。第二等级为《西游记》、《水浒传》。第三等级为《三国演义》、《儒林外史》、《聊斋志异》。
为什么选这些文本?这与中国文脉的消长荣衰有关,是一个非常复杂的学术课题,可以参见我的著作《中国文脉》,以及我为北大学生讲授中国文化史的纪录《四十七堂课》一书。
完成以上阅读,一年时间即可。如果尚有余裕,可按个人需要旁及孙子、墨子、《中庸》、韩愈、柳宗元、朱熹、明、《人间词话》。当然,这个目录中我没有把具有文学价值的宗教文本包括在内,如《心经》、《六祖坛经》。
除了阅读,“必要贮存”中也应该涉猎一些最有代表性的中国艺术,例如以敦煌、云冈、龙门、麦积山为代表的石窟艺术,以《石鼓文》、《兰亭序》、《九成宫》、《祭侄稿》、《寒食帖》为代表的书法艺术,以张择端、范宽、黄公望、石涛为代表的绘画艺术,以关汉卿、王实甫、汤显祖、孔尚任为代表的戏曲艺术。涉猎的结果,要对它们不感陌生,又有自己的特别喜爱。
对于国际间的文化,怎么才能构成“必要贮存“呢?
那么多国家,范围实在太大。我建议,先把哲学、人文科学放一边,只记住文学艺术方面的一些名人经典。例如,美术上的达芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉斐尔、伦勃朗、罗丹,文学上的莎士比亚、歌德、塞万提斯、雨果、托尔斯泰,音乐上的贝多芬、巴赫、莫扎特、施特劳斯、肖邦。基本是十九世纪之前的,现代太多,须自行选择。
对于国际间这些名人的作品,不必制定研习计划,可以用潇洒的态度随机接受,只要知道等级就行。
不管是中国的,还是外国的,“必要贮存”迟早要完成。而且,最后是以欣赏来完成贮存的,使它们渐渐成为自己生命的一部分。
这是真正“身上的文化”,比任何最高学历的叠加,还要珍贵。
必要风范
既有贮存,即非扮演。明乎此,我们就不妨让身上的文化很自然地显现出来,不必隐蔽,不必遮盖。
今天的社会,太少斯文之气,太少文化魅力。因此,适度地自然显现,为人们提供一种“必要风范”,倒是功德无量。
那么,这种出自文化的“必要风范”,大概包括哪些特征呢?
我概括为四点:书卷气,长者风,裁断力,慈爱相。容一一道来。
一、书卷气
身上的文化,首先显现为书卷气。
书卷气已经不是书卷本身,而是被书卷熏陶出来的一种气质。大致表现为:衣貌整洁,声音温厚,用语干净,逻辑清晰。偶尔在合适的时机引用文化知识和名人名言,反倒是匆匆带过,就像是自家门口的小溪,自然流出。若是引用古语,必须大体能懂,再作一些解释,绝不以硬块示人,以学问炫人。
书卷气容易被误置为中国古代的冬烘气、塾师气、文牍气,必须高度警惕,予以防范。目前在一些“伪文化圈”中开始复活的“近代文言”、“民国文言”绝不可用,因为那是一种很低级的“孔乙己腔调”。古文,盛于汉唐,止于明末;现代,美文尽在白话,而且是一种洗去了骈俪污渍的质朴白话。近代的落第秀才、账房先生学不会这种白话,才会有那种不伦不类的文言,恰恰与“书卷气”背道而驰。
此外,现代的书卷气没有国界,不分行业,表现为一种来回穿插、往返参照的思维自由。自由度越高,参照系越多,书卷气也就越浓。
必要贮存(3)
书卷气一浓,也可能失去自己。因此,要在“必要贮存”中寻找自己的最爱,不讳避偏好。对于自己的语言习惯,也不妨构建几个常用的典雅组合,让别人能在书卷气中识别你的存在。
二、长者风
这里所说的“长者”,不是指年龄,而是指风范。由于文化给了我们古今中外,给了我们大哲大美,给了我们极老极新,因此我们远比年龄成熟。身上的文化使我们的躯体变大,大得兼容并包、宽厚体谅,这便是长者风。
对一般民众而言,与一个有文化的人谈话,就是在触摸超越周围的时间和空间,触摸超越自己的历练和智慧,因此觉得可以依靠,可以信赖。这就给予文化人一种责任,那就是充分地提升可以被依赖、被信赖的感觉,不要让人失望。
长者风的最大特点,就是善于倾听。这就像在家里,孩子遇事回家,对长者的要求,九成是倾听,一成是帮助。甚至,根本不要帮助,只要倾听。倾听时的眼神和表情,就是诉说者最大的期待。
长者风容易落入一个陷阱,那就是滥施怜惜、即刻表态。一旦这样,你就成了诉说者的小兄弟,而不再是长者。长者当然也充满同情,却又受到理性的控制,决不把事情推向一角。长者风的本质,是在倾听之后慢慢寻找解决问题的恰当之道、合适之道,其实也就是中庸之道。
因此,长者风让人宽慰,让人舒心,让人开怀。除非,遇到了真正的善恶之分、是非之辨。
那就需要紧接着讲第三个特征了。
三、裁断力
越是温和的长者,越有可能拍案而起。这是因为,文化虽然宽容,却也有严肃的边际,那就是必须与邪恶划清界线。历来政治、经济、军事等行为,都会以利益而转移,但文化不会。文化的立场,应该最稳定、最恒久,因此也最敏锐、最坚守。
对于大是大非,文化有分辨能力。它可以从层层叠叠、远远近近的佐证中,判断最复杂的交错,寻找最隐蔽的暗线。它又能解析事情的根源、成因和背景,然后得出完整的结论。因此,一个身上有文化的人,除了保持宽厚的长者风,还须展现果敢的裁断力,让人眼睛一亮,身心一震。
裁断力是全社会的“公平秤”,它的刻度、秤砣和砝码,全都来自于文化。文化再无用,也能把万物衡量。
文化裁断力的表现方式,与法院的裁断并不相同。它没有那种排场,那种仪式,那种权威,那种语言。有时,甚至没有任何语言,只是沉默,只是摇头。它可以快速分辨出什么是谎言,然后背过脸去;它也可以顷刻便知道什么是诽谤,然后以明确的态度表示拒绝。
文化裁断力的最高表现,是在谣诼成势、众口起哄、铺天盖地的时候,不怕成为“独醒者”。身上的文化在这种情况下总会变成一系列怀疑,提出一项项质询。同样,对于如日中天、众声欢呼的人和事,也会后退三步,投之以寻常观察,仍然以“独醒者”的冷静,寻出最隐晦的曲巷暗道,最细微的拼接印痕。
于是,在熙熙攘攘的人群中,即便是一个人身上的文化,也成了一支“定海神针”。这种风范,让人难忘。
四、慈爱相
慈爱相,是文化的终极之相。所有的风范,皆以此为轴。
多年来,我对文化人的判断形成了一个基本标准:不看他写了什么,说了什么,只看每次民族大难、自然灾害发生时,他在哪里,表情如何。遗憾的是,很多“言论领袖”都会在那个时候整体隐遁。当然,也有另一些人意外地站了出来,满眼都是由衷的善良。
我的好友陈逸飞从来不找我做什么事,却在SARS疫情肆虐期间突然找到我,破天荒地约我和他一起在最短的时间内做一个宣传短片,安抚人心。我看着这位国际大画家满头大汗的着急样子,刹时感动。
我的一名学生,并不熟悉,在汶川大地震后的一个民众捐款站,一身黑衣,向每一位捐款者深深一鞠躬。多数捐款者其实并没有发现她,但她还是不停地鞠躬。我看到后心里一动,默默称赞一声,真是一个懂文化的好孩子。
我当时也到废墟之间,含泪劝慰遇难学生的家长,并为幸存的学生捐建了三个图书馆。但由于所有的图书需要由我亲自挑选,时间有点慢,就受到一些奇怪文人的攻击。这时,一批著名的文化大家立即从四面八方向我伸出援手,寄来了为三个图书馆的热情题词。我当时觉得奇怪,他们也不知道事实真相啊,怎么就能作出判断?但我很快明白了:野熊隔得再远,也能闻到自己同类的气息。
大爱无须争,大慈无须辩,但一旦出现,哪怕是闪烁朦胧、随风明灭,也能立即在最远的地方获得感应,这就是文化横贯于天地之间的终极仪式。
古人说,“腹有诗书气自华”。这里所说的“气”和“华”,没有具体内容,却能让大家发现。可见,它们与众人相关,真所谓“无缘大慈,同体大悲”。文化,就是要让这种终极性的慈爱生命化、人格化,变成风范。
现今的中国文化,作品如潮,风范还少。因此,构成了殷切的企盼。
在我看来,中华文化的复兴,不在于出了几部名作,得了几个大奖,而在于由“身外”返回“身上”,看人格,看风范。