励志一生网 > 格言大全 > 过去进行时结构格言 正文

过去进行时结构格言

时间:2024-10-13 10:31:16

一、掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配

(1)时间状语从句

引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when(当……时候),while(当,在……过程中),since(自从……以来),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),tell/until(直到……时),as soon as(一……就)。如果主句为一般将来时,则时间状语从句只能用一般现在时表示将来的意义。

He was reading the newspaper when I came in.当我进来时,他正在读报纸。

Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在时,请照看一下我的猫。

Don’t talk so loud while others are studying.别人学习时不要大声说话。

It has been five years since she went abroad.她出国已有五年了。

He died before his son came back.他在他儿子回来之前就去世了。

I’ll show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到达我就领他参观我们的工厂。

I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他。

(2) 条件状语从句

引导条件状语从句的从属连词是if(如果)。如果主句是一般将来时,条件状语从句只能用一般现在时。

If you stay at home, I’ll go.如果你呆在家里,我就走。

If we don’t get up early, we won’t catch the train.如果我们不早起,我们就赶不上火车。

二、掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应

(1)宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。尤其是在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时必须特别注意:

当宾语从句原为陈述句时,用that引导,语序不变。(注意时态的一致)

Tom isn’t a good student. The teacher told us…→

The teacher told us Tom wasn’t a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。

He has given up smoking. She said…→

She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。

当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时,用whether或if连接,语序变为陈述语序。

Is Jim a doctor? I wonder…→

I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。

Does she dance well? Can you tell me…→

Can you tell me if she dances well?你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗?

当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词即为连接词,语序变为陈述语序。

She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。

She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。

(2)宾语从句的时态

宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。

如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时,现在进行时和现在完成时),宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。

I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已经来了。(现在完成时)

Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会。(一般将来时)

I don’t know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。(现在进行时)

I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。

如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态(即一般过去时,过去将来时,过去进行时或过去完成时等)

He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。(过去将来时)

She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了。(过去完成时)

Mary was wondering who could answer the question.

玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。(一般过去时)

I didn’t told them where you were having the meeting.

我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。(过去进行时)

如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等,则不管这句是何种时态,从句一律用一般现在时。

Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。

She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。

三、了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法

(1)定语在句中是用来修饰名词或代词的,一般由形容词或与之相当的'其它词类来充当。如果起修饰作用的是一个句子的时候,就叫作定语从句。但定语从句不是象形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词。588.es

(2)定语从句的引导词有关系代词: that, which, who, whom, whose 和关系副词 when, where, why, how。

1. that 的先行词可以是人也可以是物。

A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种会飞的机器。

I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday. 我喜欢你昨天借给我的那本书。

2.which的先行词只能是物。

The book shop is a shop which sells book. 书店是销售书的商店。

The book (which) I read last night was wonderful. 我昨晚看的那本书很精彩。

3. who 在定语从句中作主语; whom 是 who 的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语;而 whose 则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语。

The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend

昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。

Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to?

你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?

This is our classmate, Mary, whose home is not far from our school.

这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远。

4. 关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. 那是我们曾经住了十年的房子。

= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.

(3)除关系代词外,还有关系副词when,where,why等也能引导定语从句。

1. when用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall

我永远也不会忘记我第一次到达长城的那天。

2. where 则指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

This is the house where the old man lives. 这就是那位老人住的房子。

3.why用来指原因,作原因状语。

That’s the reason why he didn’t come yesterday. 那就是他昨天为什么没有来的原因。

宾语从句意义

语法是语言的组织规律,任何人在使用语言时,不管他是否学过语法,都须合乎语法。另外,总结语法本身的规律也能加深我们对语言的理解,让我们能够真正熟练地运用语言。(宾语:指一个动作(动词)的接受者,常置于动词之后,也有双宾语结构例句:he gave me a book,类似拥有me和book两个宾语的句子叫双宾语从句),在复合句中,由一个句子充当宾语,这个句子就叫做宾语从句。

宾语从句定义

置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式,v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词(afraid,sure,glad等)之后也可以带宾语从句。

宾语从句特点

宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。

宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。

连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成分,多数情况下可以省略。

whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。

如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it. 补充宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:

(1)动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.时态:1·主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时。 2·主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时,从句是真理时,只用一般现在时。

(2)宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.

He told that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他下一年上大学.

I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.

Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.

连接代词连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.

Do you know who has won this game?你知道谁赢了这一局游戏吗?

I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.

The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.

Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?

连接副词连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.

Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?

None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.

(3)动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句

We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.

He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.

部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句

I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.

Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?

动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记

Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.

可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句

①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.

I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.

I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.

I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写

We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.

②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.

I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.

He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.

We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.

When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.

③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替

We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.

We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.

3.介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句

We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.

The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.

用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句

I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.

4.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure

I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.

I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.

He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.

5.if,whether在宾语从句中的区别

①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if

②少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.

③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.

④在不定式前只能用whether.如: I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。

⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.

6.哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;当宾语从句较长时;当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;当宾语从句中的'主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时

宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.

I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.

I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.

We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?

宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.当主句为过去时的时候

①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生

I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.

He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<老人与海>.

②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前

He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.

③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后

The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.

如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化

The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.

当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首

Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手

宾语从句,即:在主句中担当宾语的从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:连接词、语序和时态。 连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which(指事),who(指人)

1.从句为陈述句,常选择连接词that或将that省略,直接与主句相连。

2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…ornot结构中不能用if替换。

3.从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。

注意:当who为主语时,句式为:who+谓语+其他三:判断时态情况:

1。主句是一般现在时,从句为各种时态情况

2。主句是一般过去时,从句为各种相应过去时态注意:从句描绘客观事实,用一般现在时

1. The teacher told the children that the sun____ round. 【A. was B. is C. were D. are】

2. I believe that our team____ the basketball match.【 A. win B. won C. will win D. wins 】

3. I don’t know____ to visit the old man. 【A. whether B. if C. that D. who】 The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. 【A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where】

答:选B,动词reach后接宾语从句,从句缺少宾语,where不可,which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个…”而此句中并非疑问含义,不知道哪一座庙宇,而是用what从句表陈述含义,意“过去的一座旧庙宇”;temple后为对其修饰的定语从句,用关系代词which代替,并在从句中作动词used的宾语,use sth. as…“把…用作…whether + or not 宾语从句,在复合句中作宾语,位于及物动词后;

eg. Tell him which class you are in . Do you know what he likes?

注:(1)主、从句时态一致: 主句谓语过去时,从句相应过去时; He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时,从句时态任所需;

eg. He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具体过去永不变,真理格言现在时;

eg. He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect .

(2)否定前移,及完成反意问句; 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时,应转移到主句上去,完成反意问句时,应与从句主、谓保持一致。(注: 否定前移的条件是,主句主语是第一人称)

eg. I don't think you are right ,are you ? I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?

(3)在表示建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose; 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句,用(should)+v.(虚拟语气)

eg. I suggested that you(should)study hard. He ordered that we should go out at once.

(4)如果宾语从句后有宾语补语,用it作形式宾语,把宾语从句后置

eg.You may think it strange that he would live there.

(5)宾语从句that常可省略,但在以下情况下不能省略

A.当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,可以省略第一个that,其他不能省略。

eg.I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get bet?.

B.当it作形式宾语时

eg.She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him.

C.当宾语从句前置时

eg.That our team will win,I believe.

宾语从句时态

主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。

例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.

主句是一般过去时,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。

例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.

当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。

例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.[2]

宾语从句语序

宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。即:连接代词/副词+陈述句语序。例句如下:

I don’t know what they are looking for.

Could you tell me when the train will leave?

Can you imagine what kind of man he is?

用法

宾语从句

宾语从句的连接词:that

结构:主语+谓语+宾语(陈述语序)

注意:

引导词为that ;

语序为v.+主语+谓语+由if、whether引导宾语从句;

主句为现在时 从句为任意时态。

从属连词

连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether,和疑问词(what, how, where, when ...)。

that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,

if和whether,whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。

关联代词

连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。

连接代词一般指疑问,但what,whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述。

关联副词

连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。

例句:

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.

他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。

注:宾语从句通常跟在名词或代词后面。

动宾从句

大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句。

部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句。

动词短语也可以带宾语从句,常见的这些词有:

make sure(确保)、make up one’s mind(下决心)、keep in mind(牢记)

可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句

①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe,think等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。

②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it(双宾语)这类动词主要有:hate,take,owe,have,see to.award,lend.hand,mail,offer,pass,pay,post,read,return,show,teach,tell

介宾从句

用whether之类的介词宾语从句。

用that,if引导的介词宾语从句,有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句。

形容+宾从句

有些形容词具有动词的含义,所以也可以带一个宾语从句;

例句:

I am sorry I am late.

I am glad that you can join us.

Are you sure his answer is right?

常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised

if与whether

if和whether在作“是否”理解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if。

少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether。

whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。

在不定式前只能用whether。

一般“no matter”后表示“是否”用whether而不用if。

不省略引导词

存在以下情况时引导词that不可省略:

that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语。

宾语从句较长。

主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前。

主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语。

一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略。

宾语从句中的主语是this,that或those,these做主语的定语。

宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语。

宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句。

主语中的谓语动词是固定词组。

宾语从句有it做其先行词。

直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开。

that在从句中充当主语。

否定转移

主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.

如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.我们通常称为否定前移。

时态和语序

当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.

当主句为过去时

①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生

②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前

③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后

④如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化

⑤当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首

无论任何时候都为陈述语序.但也有部分口语提问例外 E.G:What's the matter?What's wrong with you?